Latin spiritus, usually in classical Latin "breath," replaces animus in the sense "spirit" in the imperial period and appears in Christian writings as the usual equivalent of Greek pneuma. spiritus) but "is without significance for earlier periods". Distinction between "soul" and "spirit" (as "seat of emotions") became current in Christian terminology (such as Greek psykhe vs. as "divine substance, divine mind, God " also "Christ" or His divine nature "the Holy Ghost divine power " also, "extension of divine power to man inspiration, a charismatic state charismatic power, especially of prophecy." Also "essential nature, essential quality." From 1580s in metaphoric sense "animation, vitality."Īccording to Barnhart and OED, originally in English mainly from passages in Vulgate, where the Latin word translates Greek pneuma and Hebrew ruah. ![]() as "character, disposition way of thinking and feeling, state of mind source of a human desire " in Middle English freedom of spirit meant "freedom of choice." From late 14c. This also is the sense in spirit level (1768). 1500 as "substance capable of uniting the fixed and the volatile elements of the philosopher's stone." Hence spirits "volatile substance " sense narrowed to "strong alcoholic liquor" by 1670s. in alchemy as "volatile substance distillate " from c. Louis) is attested from 1680s, common after 1800 Spirit of '76 in reference to the qualities that sparked and sustained the American Revolution is attested by 1797 in William Cobbett's "Porcupine's Gazette and Daily Advertiser."įrom late 14c. ![]() 1500 as "a nature, character" sense of "essential principle of something" (in a non-theological context, as in Spirit of St. Meaning "supernatural immaterial creature angel, demon an apparition, invisible corporeal being of an airy nature" is attested from mid-14c. But de Vaan says "Possibly an onomatopoeic formation imitating the sound of breathing. Mid-13c., "animating or vital principle in man and animals," from Anglo-French spirit, Old French espirit "spirit, soul" (12c., Modern French esprit) and directly from Latin spiritus "a breathing (respiration, and of the wind), breath breath of a god," hence "inspiration breath of life," hence "life " also "disposition, character high spirit, vigor, courage pride, arrogance," related to spirare "to breathe," perhaps from PIE *(s)peis- "to blow" (source also of Old Church Slavonic pisto "to play on the flute"). It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit antara- "interior " Greek en "in," eis "into," endon "within " Latin in "in, into," intro "inward," intra "inside, within " Old Irish in, Welsh yn, Old Church Slavonic on-, Old English in "in, into," inne "within, inside." ![]() It forms all or part of: and atoll dysentery embargo embarrass embryo empire employ en- (1) "in into " en- (2) "near, at, in, on, within " enclave endo- enema engine enoptomancy enter enteric enteritis entero- entice ento- entrails envoy envy episode esoteric imbroglio immolate immure impede impend impetus important impostor impresario impromptu in in- (2) "into, in, on, upon " inchoate incite increase inculcate incumbent industry indigence inflict ingenuous ingest inly inmost inn innate inner innuendo inoculate insignia instant intaglio inter- interim interior intern internal intestine intimate (adj.) "closely acquainted, very familiar " intra- intricate intrinsic intro- introduce introduction introit introspect invert mesentery. Meaning "one who inspires others" is attested by 1867. Inspire (v.) in Middle English also was used to mean "breath or put life or spirit into the human body impart reason to a human soul." Literal sense "act of inhaling" attested in English from 1560s. The sense evolution seems to be from "breathe into" to "infuse animation or influence," thus "affect, rouse, guide or control," especially by divine influence. , And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life and man became a living soul. ![]() 1300, "immediate influence of God or a god," especially that under which the holy books were written, from Old French inspiracion "inhaling, breathing in inspiration" (13c.), from Late Latin inspirationem (nominative inspiratio), noun of action from past-participle stem of Latin inspirare "blow into, breathe upon," figuratively "inspire, excite, inflame," from in- "in" (from PIE root *en "in") + spirare "to breathe" (see spirit (n.)).
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